Showing posts with label Survey. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Survey. Show all posts
surveying hand written notes for gate ies ssc je 2019
1 Basic concepts ( surveying hand written notes )
2 Linear measurements ( surveying hand written notes )
3 Angular measurements ( surveying hand written notes )
4 Plane table survey ( surveying hand written notes )
5 Levelling ( surveying hand written notes )
6 Contouring ( surveying hand written notes )
7 Area and volumes ( surveying hand written notes )
8 Minor Instrument ( surveying hand written notes )
9 Theodolite ( surveying hand written notes )
10 Theodolite Traversing ( surveying hand written notes )
11 Omitted measurement ( surveying hand written notes )
12 Trigonometrical levelling ( surveying hand written notes )
13 Tacheometric surveying ( surveying hand written notes )
14 Curves ( surveying hand written notes )
other contents are :
working principle of total station in surveying
total station survey tutorial pdf
land survey calculations pdf
surveying basics calculations
horizontal and slope distances surveying
angular measurement in surveying pdf
errors in surveying pdf
topographic survey procedure using total station
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levelling
The art of determining the relative heights of points on the surface of the earth is termed as “levelling.”
Levelling surface is a surface that is perpendicular to the direction of gravity at every point .EX :-Surface of still water in a lack ,surface of a sea which is not affected by tides geoid.
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Levelling surface is a surface that is perpendicular to the direction of gravity at every point .EX :-Surface of still water in a lack ,surface of a sea which is not affected by tides geoid.
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compass surveying pdf
Compass survey : It measures the angle between the magnetic meridian and a given line .
Compass are classified into two types
1. Prismatic compass
2. Surveyors compass
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Compass are classified into two types
1. Prismatic compass
2. Surveyors compass
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tacheometric surveying
Tacheometer is a theodolite arranged with a stadia diaphram having three horizontal lines. The two stadia lines i.e. ,upper and lower are equidistant from the central horizontal line.
1. Tacheometric surveying is also known as the optical distance measuring method because an optical instrument i.e. a tacheo-meter is used in the surveying .
2. Various patterns of stadia diaphram are upper stadia diaphragam and lower stadia diaphragam.
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1. Tacheometric surveying is also known as the optical distance measuring method because an optical instrument i.e. a tacheo-meter is used in the surveying .
2. Various patterns of stadia diaphram are upper stadia diaphragam and lower stadia diaphragam.
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survey objective question and answer
Plane table surveying
Plane table surveying is a graphical method of surveying in which field work and plotting are done simultaneously .It is mainly used for small and medium scale mapping ( 1:10,000 to 1:250,000) for plotting of topographical maps in an open area . Before starting plane table survey at first control stations are established to cover entire area, then after a suitable scale is decided. After that surveyor starts collecting details from either of the point and traverse all the stations.Elevation of points of observation are determined with the help of leveling ,clinometer telescope alidade .
NOTE - Finish maps are called as "Topographical maps" and this process is called as cartography.
Advantages :
Sighting and plotting are done simultaneously ,hence there is no chance of missing any details .
Irregular objects can be plotted accurately .
No great scale is required .
It can be used in the area which are affected by local attraction.
Disadvantages
It cannot be done in rainy season or in thick dense forest .
Plane table is heavy to carry ,accessories are liable to be lost.
it becomes difficult if plan or map is to be plotted on some different scale due to absence of field notes .
Accessories in plane table survey
1 plane table - Plane table consist of a drawing board mounted on a tripod which can be clamped in any position .
2 Alidade - Alidade is a straight edge ruler used for sighting the object and drawing lines with object vane and sight vane .Line of sight should be fiducial to edge .
3 Level tube - it is used to make drawing board horizontal .
4 Trough Compass - Trough compass is used to orient the plane table w.r.t. magnetic meridian.
side of Trough compass should be parallel and plane such that they can be used as a ruler (or)for placing the compass such that it coincides with the line already drawn in N-S direction .
5 Plumbing fork - Plumbing fork is a U shape metal frame .Point of upper arm and plumb line are in same vertical line .
DOWNLOAD PDF NOTES OF SURVEYING : CLICK HERE
Watch video
 |
| source :DAV University |
Advantages :
Sighting and plotting are done simultaneously ,hence there is no chance of missing any details .
Irregular objects can be plotted accurately .
No great scale is required .
It can be used in the area which are affected by local attraction.
Disadvantages
It cannot be done in rainy season or in thick dense forest .
Plane table is heavy to carry ,accessories are liable to be lost.
it becomes difficult if plan or map is to be plotted on some different scale due to absence of field notes .
Accessories in plane table survey
1 plane table - Plane table consist of a drawing board mounted on a tripod which can be clamped in any position .
 |
| source umarsurvey.in |
2 Alidade - Alidade is a straight edge ruler used for sighting the object and drawing lines with object vane and sight vane .Line of sight should be fiducial to edge .
 |
| source Gyan Information Pedia |
3 Level tube - it is used to make drawing board horizontal .
4 Trough Compass - Trough compass is used to orient the plane table w.r.t. magnetic meridian.
side of Trough compass should be parallel and plane such that they can be used as a ruler (or)for placing the compass such that it coincides with the line already drawn in N-S direction .
 |
| source :The Palestine Exploration Fund |
Watch video
Local Attraction
Local attraction is the attraction of magnetic needle to a local magnetic field other than earth's magnetic field.
It is caused by any iron material in the vicinity of compass station .Example Steel vehicle ,iron pipes , Transmission lines ,iron ore, arrow etc.
Under the influence of local magnetic field ,magnetic needle will deviate from magnetic meridian which results in wrong magnetic bearing of Traverse line.
To determine local attraction it is mandatory to take fore bearing and back bearing of each traverse line .
If difference between fore bearing and back bearing is not equal to 180▪️ then local attraction can be at ;
Either of the station ( station A or B )
Both the station ( station A and B both)
If difference between Fore Bearing and Back Bearing Exactly differs by 180▪️ then we assume that both the station ,i.e. A and B are Free from Local attraction .
Correction For Local Attraction
Method 1 :Correction For L.A at each station
In this method L.A. at each station is found out and then required correction is applied to the observed bearings .
Steps :
1 . Observe a line whose FB and BB exactly differs by 180▪️
2. End station of such line are free from L.A. and all the bearings observed from such stations are free from L.A.
3. With the help of correct bearing of any line and correction for local attraction correct Fore bearing of next line can be determined .
4. This methods is suitable for open traverse .
5. This method will fail for closed traverse when instrument errors are present ,i.e. theoretical sum is not matching with actual sum .
Method 2 :By Included angles
This method is suitable for closed traverse to find out correct bearings . As all the bearings taken at a station are affected equally and in same direction ,therefore is no effect of local attraction on included angles
Steps :
Locate a line whose FB and BB differ exactly by 180▪️
Determine included Angles.
With the help of correct bearing of any line and included angles, we can determine bearing of all the other lines .
It is caused by any iron material in the vicinity of compass station .Example Steel vehicle ,iron pipes , Transmission lines ,iron ore, arrow etc.
To determine local attraction it is mandatory to take fore bearing and back bearing of each traverse line .
If difference between fore bearing and back bearing is not equal to 180▪️ then local attraction can be at ;
Either of the station ( station A or B )
Both the station ( station A and B both)
If difference between Fore Bearing and Back Bearing Exactly differs by 180▪️ then we assume that both the station ,i.e. A and B are Free from Local attraction .
Correction For Local Attraction
Method 1 :Correction For L.A at each station
In this method L.A. at each station is found out and then required correction is applied to the observed bearings .
Steps :
1 . Observe a line whose FB and BB exactly differs by 180▪️
2. End station of such line are free from L.A. and all the bearings observed from such stations are free from L.A.
3. With the help of correct bearing of any line and correction for local attraction correct Fore bearing of next line can be determined .
4. This methods is suitable for open traverse .
5. This method will fail for closed traverse when instrument errors are present ,i.e. theoretical sum is not matching with actual sum .
Method 2 :By Included angles
This method is suitable for closed traverse to find out correct bearings . As all the bearings taken at a station are affected equally and in same direction ,therefore is no effect of local attraction on included angles
Steps :
Locate a line whose FB and BB differ exactly by 180▪️
Determine included Angles.
With the help of correct bearing of any line and included angles, we can determine bearing of all the other lines .
CONTOURS LINES
Contour:
Line joining points of equal or same elevation called contour lines.
Contour interval:
Horizontal equivalent:
Distance between two consecutive contour is called horizontal equivalent.
Properties of Contour Interval:
1> If counters are parallel to each other and the distance between them are also constant .It represent uniform slope.
2>Closely spaced contours represent steep slope,however distant contour, contours represents relatively mild area.
3> If the contours are closed then it represents either a hill or a pound.
4>Ridge line or valley line intersects counter at right angle.
5>Two counters of different elevation neither cross each other nor join.
If reading are increase toward centre ,it represents a hill.However, if it is decreasing toward centre ,it represents a pound or valley.
Line joining points of equal or same elevation called contour lines.
Contour interval:
Difference of elevation between two consecutive contour is called contour interval.Contour interval is kept same for a map .So that the different features can be identified just by looking at map .
 |
| source:wikipedia |
Distance between two consecutive contour is called horizontal equivalent.
Properties of Contour Interval:
1> If counters are parallel to each other and the distance between them are also constant .It represent uniform slope.
2>Closely spaced contours represent steep slope,however distant contour, contours represents relatively mild area.
3> If the contours are closed then it represents either a hill or a pound.
4>Ridge line or valley line intersects counter at right angle.
5>Two counters of different elevation neither cross each other nor join.
If reading are increase toward centre ,it represents a hill.However, if it is decreasing toward centre ,it represents a pound or valley.
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