Showing posts with label Video. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Video. Show all posts
Detail Of Foundation| Different Elements Of Building| Calculation Of Depth Of Foundation|
Detail Of Foundation| Different Elements Of Building| Calculation Of Depth Of Foundation|
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| source Understand Building Construction |
Boundary Layer Theory
When a real fluid flows over a solid body ,the fluid particles at the surface of the body flow with the same velocity as that of the surface of the body flow with the same velocity as that of the surface to satisfy no slip condition so the relative velocity of the fluid particles at the surface of the body is zero .
Away from the solid body ,transverse direction the velocity of fluid particle increase gradually thus velocity gradient exist in the region close due to boundary due to velocity gradient viscous stress (γ¦=ΞΌdu/dy) exist in this region this narrow region's known as boundary .
As we move away from the surface there is a development of velocity in the traverse direction
of the flow therefore slowly viscous shear stress are decreasing and the velocity are increasing and after traveling a distance in transverse direction almost viscous shear stress are closed to zero .And the velocity is almost constant .
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As we move away from the surface there is a development of velocity in the traverse direction
of the flow therefore slowly viscous shear stress are decreasing and the velocity are increasing and after traveling a distance in transverse direction almost viscous shear stress are closed to zero .And the velocity is almost constant .
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credit : nptel you tube
Stability Of structure
Stability of structure is following types :
External stability : For a structure to be stable externally minimum number of reaction is required is equal to three .Corresponding to three equilibrium equation ,we require a minimum of three reaction to kept the structure in stable condition .These three reaction must be non concurrent and non parallel .If the three reaction are parallel then rigid body translation takes place . If the three reaction are concurrent then rigid body rotation takes places.
External stability : It deals with support reaction .
Internal stability : It deals with the stability within the structure .
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| credit pinterest.com.au |
If three reaction are present and structure becomes unstable because of their improper arrangement then it is called Geometrically unstable structure.
If without developing any stress ,if a body translate or rotates ,then it is called rigid body translation and rigid body rotation.
If a body undergoes rigid body translation and rigid body rotation then it is called a mechanism .Mechanism imply that structure is unstable.
Internal stability : it deals with the stability within the structure .
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Soundness Test of Cement
It is important that no change in the volume of cement take place after it's harding as it significantly affects the durability of the structure in which it is used for the construction .
Unsoundness of cement is due to the presence of lime ,magnesia and sulphur.
Unsoundness due to lime
Unsoundness due to lime is determine using Lechatelier's test which consist of a split cylinder of diameter and height 50mm and indicator the arms of length 165mm .Which are place on either side of split .
In order to perform this test 100 grams of the cement iis guaged with .78P (78% of the water required to prepared cement paste of standard consistency is added ) and the paste form is filled the split cylinder and covered from top and bottom with the help of glass plates .
The entire assembly is then immersed in water having the temperature 27 to 30 degree celsius
for 24 hours .
The assembly is removed and distance between the indicator arms is noted .(x)
The assembly is again immersed in the water temperature of which is increased upto its boiling point within 25 to 30 minutes and it maintain for next 5 hours.
The assembly is removed from the water allow to cool off and distance between the indicator arms is again noted (y).
For OPC the difference between the two reading should not exceed 12mm.
Unsoundness Due To Magnesia
Unsoundness due to magnesia is determined using autoclave test which is sensitive to both volume changes due to lime and magnesia.
In this test a block of 25x25x282 mm is prepared and is placed in the autoclave steam pressure of 21 kg/cm^2 is attained within 1 hour and is maintained for next three hours .
The mould is then removed from the autoclave and is tested for its size .
For OPC increase in size of any side must not exceed 0.8%.
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Unsoundness of cement is due to the presence of lime ,magnesia and sulphur.
Unsoundness due to lime
Unsoundness due to lime is determine using Lechatelier's test which consist of a split cylinder of diameter and height 50mm and indicator the arms of length 165mm .Which are place on either side of split .
In order to perform this test 100 grams of the cement iis guaged with .78P (78% of the water required to prepared cement paste of standard consistency is added ) and the paste form is filled the split cylinder and covered from top and bottom with the help of glass plates .
The entire assembly is then immersed in water having the temperature 27 to 30 degree celsius
for 24 hours .
The assembly is removed and distance between the indicator arms is noted .(x)
The assembly is again immersed in the water temperature of which is increased upto its boiling point within 25 to 30 minutes and it maintain for next 5 hours.
The assembly is removed from the water allow to cool off and distance between the indicator arms is again noted (y).
For OPC the difference between the two reading should not exceed 12mm.
 |
| credit Civil Engineering Test |
Unsoundness Due To Magnesia
Unsoundness due to magnesia is determined using autoclave test which is sensitive to both volume changes due to lime and magnesia.
In this test a block of 25x25x282 mm is prepared and is placed in the autoclave steam pressure of 21 kg/cm^2 is attained within 1 hour and is maintained for next three hours .
The mould is then removed from the autoclave and is tested for its size .
For OPC increase in size of any side must not exceed 0.8%.
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Vee Bee Consistometer Test
This test is suitable for the concrete
having low to very low workability .
This is a good laboratory test to measure indirectly the workability of
concrete .
In this test consist of a metallic mould in the shape of frustum which placed
over the vibrating table .
Concrete to be tested is filled in the mould in two layers and when it is
completely filled mould is removed along with the sub
-sequential initiation of the vibration.
Time required to concrete to assume the cylindrical shape is then noted which is referred as Vee Bee degree and is used to represent the workability of the concrete .
Ultrasonic pulse velocity test
Ultrasonic pulse velocity test identify the quality of concrete.It is Non Destructive test.
The principle of this test is based upon the fact that the velocity in solids .Depends upon the modulus of elasticity and density of solid.
The apparatus of this test consist of a transmitter and receiver.
Transmitter is used to generate the pulse of ultrasonic frequency i.e. detected by the receiver placed on the face of the specimen.
The time required by the pulse to travel through the known distance in the specimen is noted which is further used to calculate the velocity of the pulse is related with the quality of concrete under the test .
Result of this test is depends upon several factors as:
Smoothness of the surface under the test.
Temperature of the specimen .
Reinforcement used in the specimen
The principle of this test is based upon the fact that the velocity in solids .Depends upon the modulus of elasticity and density of solid.
The apparatus of this test consist of a transmitter and receiver.
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| source :IndiaMART |
Transmitter is used to generate the pulse of ultrasonic frequency i.e. detected by the receiver placed on the face of the specimen.
The time required by the pulse to travel through the known distance in the specimen is noted which is further used to calculate the velocity of the pulse is related with the quality of concrete under the test .
Result of this test is depends upon several factors as:
Smoothness of the surface under the test.
Temperature of the specimen .
Reinforcement used in the specimen
Schmidt Rebound Hammer Test
Rebound hammer test is conducted to find out the compressive strength of concrete. Rebound hammer consist of a spring control mass that slides over the plunger in tubular casing .When the hammer is pressed against the concrete surface to be tested ,and retards against the force of the spring carrying along the rider with it .Movement of which is noted over the scale and is referred as rebound number .Which is further used to indicate the strength of the concrete .
The result of this test depends upon the several factors as,
Smoothness of the surface under the test .
Age of the specimen.
Internal and external moisture condition.
Size ,shape and rigidity of specimen.
Types of coarse aggregate and mould used.
Types of cements used .
Age of the specimen.
Internal and external moisture condition.
Size ,shape and rigidity of specimen.
Types of coarse aggregate and mould used.
Types of cements used .
It depends on the angle on which the rebound hammer is placed to do the test .
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