Introduction
The civil engineering projects are the main significance of a developed country.To fulfill all the project , grounds are required with their heavy bearing capacity.But in our INDIA it is a problem to find out good soil for civil engineering Works everywhere.So the knowledge of ground improvement techniques is the most important to the civil engineers. 

source CivilDigital.com

METHODS  FOR  GROUND  IMPROVEMENT
Replacement of soil 
Precompression of soil
Densification of soil
Reinforcement of Techniques
Grouting techniques
Stabilization using admixture
Geo textiles
Electro osmosis method
Replacement of soil 
It is the oldest and simplest soil improvement method.This strategy is to just uncover the inadmissible soil and supplant them with compacted fill.This is a typical method to remediate issues with collapsible soils. Evacuation and substitution is by and large reasonable just over the ground water table.
Precompression of soil
It is especially useful in soft clayey and silty soils because the static weight of the fill causes them to consolidate, thus improving both settlement and strength properties. 
Pre-compression has the following advantages:
1. The method has a long track record of success.
2. Any grading contractor can perform the work.

3. The cost is comparatively low, so long as soil for preloading is readily available. 
Densification of soil
The strength and stiffness of the soil is higher when the particles are packed in a dense configuration.This is most effective for improving soil characteristics. 
This can be aprroachs in following ways:
1.VIBRO TECHNIQUES

2.DYNAMIC COMPACTION
Reinforcement of Techniques
stone columns are used to increase the shear strength beneath structures .
The method consists of forming vertical holes in ground which are filled with compacted crushed stone, gravel and sand or a mixture.
Grouting techniques

source haywardbaker.com

PERMEATION GROUTING
 Stopping leaks in below-grade structures 
Stopping leaks in below-grade utilities 
Excavating support of non-corrosive soils
JET GROUTING
Jet grouting uses a special pipe equipped with horizontal jets that inject grout into the soil at high pressure.Teesta dam is the example of get grouting.
Stabilization using admixture
SOIL STABILIZATION: It is the process of improving the engineering properties of soil by mixing some binding agents thus binding the soil particles . Soil stabilization is classified as 
1.Mechanical stabilization 

2.Chemical stabilization 
Geo textiles

Geotextiles are porous fabrics manufactured products and others such as polyester ,poly-ethylene, polypropylene and poly vinyl chloride, nylon, fiber glass and various mixtures of these. 
Electro osmosis method
The electro osmosis process can be used to increase the shear strength and reduce the compressibility of soft clayey and silty soils beneath foundation, electro osmosis  with or without electrochemical hardening can be considered only for special situations where the alternative of piling cannot be adopted. 
Note
Mainly soil improvement techniques can be divided in to four broad categories.
1 Densification methods hand-off on propensity of granular soils to densify when subjected to vibrations. Anyway there is a plausibility of harming neighboring structures and pipelines because of use of this strategy.
2.Reinforcement techniques introduce discrete inclusions that stiffen and strengthen a soil deposit.
3.Grouting techniques involve the injection of cementicious materials into the voids of the soil or into fractures of the soil. 
4. Now a days, geotextiles are extensively used for improving the soil conditions. These has multiple applications as they act as filters, reinforcement, separations..etc.

Introduction
Rainwater harvesting  is an innovation utilized for gathering and putting away water from housetops, the land surface or shake catchments utilizing basic methods, for example, rooftop top rain water collecting strategy or surface rain water harvesting technique.
Need for rainwater harvesting 
There are many reasons but following are some of the ones.
To beneficiate water quality in aquifers.
To conserve surface water runoff during monsoon.
To reduce soil erosion
To inculcate a culture of water conservation.
Where can rainwater harvesting is used ?
Hilly areas where ground water table is low where it is not possible to extract ground water or have no other water sources.
In urban areas where water is expensive, for washing, and gardening and to prevent local flooding.
In public and commercial buildings with large use of water.
Ways of rainwater harvesting 
Roof top rain water harvesting system

source google

Surface runoff rain water harvesting

source Deccan Chronicle

The problem 

source :wikipedia

source :wikipedia

source University of Colorado Boulder

source wikipedia

source wikipedia

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Q1 A good bricks should not absorbed water by weight more than

Q1 The split tensile strength of M 15 grade concrete when expressed percentage of its compressive strength is 
option 
1) 10 to 20 % 
2)15 to 20 % 
3) 20 to 25 % 
4) 25 to 30 %
Show
Q2 The approximate ratio between the strength of cement concrete at 7 days and at 28 days is 
option
1)3/4
2)2/3
3)1/2
4)1/3
Show
Q3 Modulus of elasticity of M25 concrete as determined by formula of IS :456 is 
option
1) 124500 MPa
2) 90125 MPa
3) 28500 MPa 
4) 16667 MPa 
Show
Q4 General shrinkage in cement concrete is caused by 
option
1)carbonation 
2) stressed due to external load 
3)drying with starting with a stiff  consistency 
4) drying with starting with a wetter consistency 

Q5 The optimum number of revolution over which concrete is to be mixed in a mixer machine is 
option 
1)10
2)20
3)50
4)100

Q6 As per IS code of practice ,concrete should be cured at 
option 
1)5 ℃
2)10 ℃
3) 27 ℃
4) 40 ℃

Q7 The ratio of direct tensile strength to that of modulus of rupture of concrete is 
option
1) .25
2).5
3).75
4)1.0

Q8 Which one of the following aggregate gives maximum strength in concrete ?
option
1)Rounded aggregate 
2) Elongated aggregate 
3) Flakey aggregate 
4) Cubical 

Q9 Which of the following types concrete is most suitable in extreme cold climates 
option
1)Air- entrained concrete 
2) Ready mix concrete 
3) vacuum concrete 
4) coarse concrete 
Show
Q10 What is the range of fineness modulus of sand which is least suitable for making a good concrete 
option 
1) 3.5- 4.5
2) 2.9 - 3.2
3) 2.6 -2.9
4) 2.2 -2.6



answer
1)15 to 20 % 
2)2/3
3)28500 MPa 
4)drying with starting with a wetter consistency 
5)20
6) 27 ℃
7).5
8)Cubical 
9)Air- entrained concrete 
10) 3.5- 4.5

 Q1 In geodetic surveying, sum of angles (degree) of a spherical triangle should not be greater than Options
 1)  180
2)  270
 3)  360
 4)  540
 Correct Answer:/>540

Q2 Calculate the number of division of the main scale that is equal to the 8 divisions of the extended vernier.  Options:
 1)  7
 2)  9
 3)  15
 4)  16
 Correct Answer: 15

 Q3  An area of a field is 250 square centimetres from a shrunk map having shrunk factor of 0.9. Calculate the original area (square metres) on the field, if the original scale of the map is 1 cm = 50 m.  Options:
1)  309
  2)  625000
 3)  694444
  4)  771450
Correct Answer: 771450

Q4  The length of the chain is equal to _____. Options:
 1)  centre to centre distance between the last end of links
 2)  Sum of reduced level of benchmark and foresight
 3)  Sum of reduced level of benchmark and backsight
 4)  Sum of reduced level of benchmark and intermediate sight
Correct Answer: centre to centre distance between the last end of links

Q5  Calculate the error (mm) in the linear measurement of offset, if the length of the offset is 80 m, then the accuracy in the measurement of the length is 1 cm in 60 m.
Options:
 1)  0.075
2)  1.33
 3)  7.5
  4)  13.3
Correct Answer: 13.3 

 Q6  What should be the height (m) of a lighthouse, so that it can be visible from a distance of 3 km?  Options:
 1)  0.101
 2)  0.605
 3)  0.673
 4)  0.707
  Correct Answer: 0.605 

 Q7 - Calculate the apex distance, if the deflection angle is 60 degree and the degree of curve is 8 degree.
Options:
 1)  33.26
 2)  124.13
  3)  215
4)  262.8
 Correct Answer: 33.26  

Q8 Which of the following contour represents either hills or ponds?
 Options:
 1)  Contour having concentric circles
 2)  Closely placed contour
3)  Distant contour
 4)  Parallel contour
Correct Answer: Contour having concentric circles 

Q9 Which of the soil possesses zero plasticity index?
Options:
1)  Clay
 2)  Clayey silt
 3)  Sand
4)  Silty
 Correct Answer: Sand 

Q10  Which of the following roller is used to compact the coarse-grained soil?
 Options:
 1)  Drum roller
2)  Pneumatic tyred roller
 3)  Tamping roller
 4)  Vibratory roller
 Correct Answer: Vibratory roller

Q 11  The internal angle of friction of a soil is 30 degree. What is the active earth pressure coefficient for the soil mass?
 Options:
 1)  0.005
 2)  0.025
 3)  0.333
4)  0.555
Correct Answer: 0.333  

Q12  Which of the following is measured in the poise?
Options: 1)  Dynamic viscosity
2)  Kinematic viscosity
 3)  Velocity of flow
 4)  Discharge
 Correct Answer: Dynamic viscosity

Q13  Which of the following is measured with the help of hot wire anemometer?
 Options:
 1)  Velocity coefficient
 2)  Surface tension
 3)  Viscosity
4)  Velocity of fluid
 Correct Answer: Velocity of fluid 

Q14  A sphere of diameter 30 cm is moving with a uniform velocity of 4 m/s. The dynamic viscosity and specific gravity of the liquid is given as 0.8 poises and 0.9 respectively. What is the value of Reynolds number?
 Options:
1)  135
 2)  10000
3)  13500
4)  15000
Correct Answer: 13500  

Q15  The sphere of diameter 0.02 m falls in a fluid of kinematic viscosity of 10 stokes with the terminal velocity of 0.02 m/s. What is the value of the coefficient of drag on the falling sphere?
Options:
1)  40
 2)  60
 3)  80
  4)  100
Correct Answer: 60

 Q16  What is the depth of the flow (m) in a circular channel of diameter 2.0 m for the maximum velocity?
Options:
1)  1
2)  1.62
 3)  2
 4)  2.83
Correct Answer: 1.62 

Q17 The water flows fully through the rectangular channel of lateral dimensions 4 m x 3 m. What is the velocity of flow (m/s) through the channel, if the slope of energy line and Chezy’s constant is given as 0.0006 and 90 respectively?
Options:
 1)  1.5
2)  2.4
3)  4.6
4)  5
Correct Answer: 2.4

Q18  Which of the following is the dimensionless parameter?
Options:
 1)  Linear velocity
 2)  Gravity force
3)  Reynolds number
4)  Viscosity
 Correct Answer: Reynolds number

Q 19  Which ONE is the best method of the reclamation of the acidic soil?
 Options:
1)  Leaching
 2)  Provision of good drainage
 3)  Use gypsum as a soil amendment
4)  Use limestone as a soil amendment
 Correct Answer: Use limestone as a soil amendment 

Q20  Calculate the evaporation (mm) from a pond, if the pan evaporation is 45 mm. The pan coefficient is 0.70.
 Options:
 1)  13.5
 2)  19.28
  3)  31.5
4)  64.28
Correct Answer: 31.5 

 Q21  The ruling design speed on a curve is 100 km/h and the super elevation on the curve is 7%. Calculate the ruling design radius (m) of the curve. Take coefficient of the lateral friction as 0.15
 Options:
 1)  129
 2)  189
  3)  358
 4)  1668
 Correct Answer: 358  

Q22  Which of the following is the CORRECT order for increasing width of a railway gauge?   Options: 1)  Broad gauge < light gauge < narrow gauge < metre gauge
2)  Broad gauge < metre gauge < light gauge < narrow gauge
3)  Light gauge < narrow gauge < metre gauge < broad gauge
4)  Narrow gauge < light gauge < broad gauge < metre gauge
Correct Answer: Light gauge < narrow gauge < metre gauge < broad gauge

Q23 Which of the following method is used to forecast the population of old and very large city?
 Options:
 1)  Arithmetical increase method
2)  Geometric progression method
3)  Graphical method
 4)  Logistic curve method
 Correct Answer: Arithmetical increase method


Q24 The strength of a riveted lap joint is equal to its A. shearing strength B. bearing strength C. tearing strength
 Options:
1)  Only A
 2)  Only B
 3)  Only C
 4)  Least of A, B and C
Correct Answer: Least of A, B and C 

 Q25  Maximum permissible slenderness ratio of compressive members which carry dead and superimposed load is
Options:
 1)  350
2)  250
3)  180
4)  80
Correct Answer: 180

Q26  When plates are exposed to weather, tacking rivets are provided at a pitch in line not exceeding
 Options:
1)  8 t
2)  16 t
3)  24 t
 4)  32 t
 Correct Answer: 16 t 

 Q28  In double lacing, the thickness 't' of flat lacing is
Options:
1)  t is less than 1/40th length between inner end rivets t
2)  t is less than 1/50th length between inner end rivets t
3)  t is less than 1/60th length between inner end rivets t
4)  t is less than 1/70th length between inner end rivets t
 Correct Answer: t is less than 1/60th length between inner end rivets t 

Q29  Column footing is provided
Options:
1)  to spread the column load over a larger area
2)  to ensure that intensity of bearing pressure between the column footing and soil does not exceed permissible bearing capacity of the soil
3)  to distribute the column load over soil through the column footing
4)  All option are correct
 Correct Answer: All option are correct 

Q30  In a truss girder of a bridge, a diagonal consists of mild steel flat 400 I.S.F. and carries a pull of 80 tones. If the gross diameter of the rivet is 26 mm, the number of rivets required in the splice is
Options:
1)  6
2)  7
3)  8
4)  9
Correct Answer: 8